Two cases of Lophomonas blattarum infection combined with paragonimiasis and literature review / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment methods of Lophomonas blattarum infection combined with paragonimiasis in children, and improve pediatricians' understanding of the disease. Methods:The clinical data of two children with Lophomonas blattarum infection combined with paragonimiasis who received treatment in the Department of Pediatrics of The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province were retrospectively analyzed. Children's clinical manifestation and diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Relative literature was reviewed. Results:Case 1 had the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms. Case 2 had the onset of headache and liver dysfunction. Routine blood tests showed elevated eosinophils two cases and sputum examination results revealed the presence of live eggs of Lophomonas blattarum and paragonimiasis in two cases. Fecal roundworm eggs were also detected in case 1. Follow-up results showed that both cases were cured after treatment with metronidazole injection and praziquantel tablets. Conclusion:Lophomonas blattarum infection is a relatively rare opportunistic infection. Paragonimiasis is a natural parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals. Mixed infection of the two pathogens is rare. We hope that the findings from this paper will broaden clinical physicians' thoughts and guide clinical practice.

The Phenomenon of the ‘Starry Sky’ on Blood:Lesson Learned From Severe Malaria Falciparum

Severe malaria occurs when previously uncomplicated malaria infections are then turn to be full blown and tangled by serious, single or multi-organ failures or abnormalities in the patient's blood or metabolism. Clinical deterioration can happen abruptly and unnoticed, due to the masking of other prominent clinical condition like hyperthermia. Making the correct diagnosis as soon as possible is pivotal before administering antimalarial therapy. Diagnosis is made by examining the thick and thin blood films in an attempt to find malaria parasites in the blood sample.The “Starry Sky” appearance is a microscopic feature of severe malaria infection and its exclusively found only in thick blood film. The aim of this minireview is to discuss about theclinical background of“Starry Sky”appearance found in thick blood smear of severe malaria and its brief review combined with our experience in the Deptartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta-Indonesia, inhandled blood test from a vulnerable patient with severe malaria and how we pass on the lessons from that story to our students as part of health communication in community based Parasitology. By inserting this story to our lesson materials, we hope can build awareness among our students as future health practitioners and also to the publicthey serveas well as all stake holders; this snow ball action are currently and continously requiredto be done

Análisis retrospectivo de un protozoo emergente en México: Blastocystis spp

Blastocystis spp. es el protista intracelular que en los últimos años ha infectado a más de mil millones de personas a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, el aumento en la prevalencia en México y su potencial patógeno son inciertos, por lo que este microorganismo aún se encuentra bajo investigación. Principalmente a nivel pediátrico, la blastocistosis es estudiada con mayor atención, debido a que destaca sobre otros agentes en diversos estudios realizados mundialmente y en México. El objetivo de este trabajo fue mediante revisión bibliográfica, evidenciar la frecuencia y su transición parasitaria como el agente más prevalente en la actualidad, pese a que no se asocia a sintomatología clínica.

Blastocystis spp. is the intracellular protist that in recent years has infected more than a billion people worldwide. However, the increase in prevalence in Mexico and its pathogenic potential are uncertain, so this microorganism is still under investigation. Mainly at the pediatric level, blastocystosis is studied with greater attention, due to the fact that it stands out over other agents in various studies carried out worldwide and in Mexico. The objective of this work was to show the frequency and its parasitic transition as the most prevalent agent today through a bibliographic review, despite the fact that it is not associated with clinical symptoms.

Biochemical Properties of Parasite Virulence Factor: Lesson Learned from Leishmania

Leishmania, a parasitic protozoan, a single-celled organism of the genus trypanosomes that are responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. Transmission occured by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. Globally, at least 93 sandfly species are proven or probable vectors. Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans. Leishmaniasis encompasses diverse clinical syndromes, including cutaneous, mucosal, and potentially life-threatening visceral forms. Three widely known virulence factors belongs to the genus Leishmania include the active compound named proteophosphoglycan (PPG), GP63 metalloprotease and lipophosphoglycan (LPG). these substance established on the surface of the parasite. The aim of this review article is to make an insight of the biochemical characteristics of Leishmania spp virulence factors, the armamentarium that predispose their pathogenesis, its invasion and virulence to the mammalian host.

Use of laboratory methodologies to confirm an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease caused by multiple pathogens / Uso de metodologias laboratoriais para confirmação de surto de doença diarreica aguda causada por múltiplos patógenos

The aim of this study was to investigate an outbreak caused by protozoa, which occurred in a municipality in the Brazil southern region. The investigations were carried out analyzing 47 fresh stool samples and 26 water samples by parasitological and molecular methods, as well as, direct immunofluorescence. After the filtrations of water samples and purification of stool samples, the concentrates were evaluated microscopically for presence of parasites. Molecular analyses were performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA detection of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis and Cyclospora cayetanensis. Out of 26 water samples, 30.8% (8/26) had waterborne protozoa and C. cayetanensis was the most prevalent (15.5%). Out of the 47 stool samples, 23.4% (11/47) were infected with C. cayetanensis and Giardia spp. The results showed that backwash water samples from filters of the Water Treatment Station were contaminated with C. cayetanensis, C. hominis and Giardia spp., suggesting the contamination of water sources with human waste brought by sewage. These results show the importance of protozoa investigation in water and stool samples by laboratory methodologies principally in outbreaks causing acute diarrheal disease (AU).

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar um surto causado por protozoários, ocorrido em um município da região sul do Brasil. As investigações foram realizadas analisando 47 amostras de fezes frescas e 26 amostras de água por métodos parasitológicos, moleculares e de imunofluorscência direta. Após as filtrações das amostras de água e purificação das amostras de fezes, os concentrados foram avaliados microscopicamente a procura de parasitas. A seguir, foram analisadas, pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), a detecção de DNA de Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis e Cyclospora cayetanensis. Das 26 amostras de água, 30,8% (8/26) apresentaram protozoários de veiculação hídrica, sendo que, C. cayetanensis foi o mais prevalente (15,5%). Das 47 amostras de fezes, 23,4% (11/47) estavam infectadas por C. cayetanensis e Giardia spp. Os resultados mostraram que as águas de retrolavagem dos filtros da Estação de Tratamento de Água estavam contaminadas com C. cayetanensis, C. hominis e Giardia spp. sugerindo a contaminação dos mananciais com dejetos humanos trazidos pelo esgoto. Estes resultados mostram a importância da investigação de protozoários em água e fezes por metodologias laboratoriais, principalmente em surtos que causam doença diarreica aguda (AU).

Frequency of intestinal protozoan infections diagnosed in patients from a clinical analysis laboratory

This study aimed to determine the frequency of infection by intestinal protozoa diagnosed in patients from a clinical analysis laboratory in Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. This was a retrospective descriptive study, using a database of stool examination results from July to December 2015. The study population consisted of males and females of all ages, from the greater area of Alagoas. Data on epidemiological variables such as age and gender were obtained using a collection instrument. Protozoan species were identified from stool examinations. Results on the prevalence of intestinal parasites are described as simple and relative frequencies. We examined a total of 1277 stool samples, of which 12.69% were positive for one or more protozoa. 43.83% were from men and 56.17% were from women. Endolimax nana was the most prevalent (59.22%) protozoan species followed by Entamoeba coli (23.45%). Although non-pathogenic, they indicate fecal contamination of drinking water. The highest number (23.46%) of infected individuals was observed among children in the 0 to 11 years age group. A high prevalence (93.83%) of monoparasitism was noted. We concluded that there was a high frequency of infection and a high prevalence of E. nana. Infections were more common in women than in men. Our results emphasize the need for preventive measures to control intestinal parasitic infections.

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections versus knowledge, attitudes and practices of male residents in Brazilian urban slums: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are neglected diseases caused by helminths and protozoa, with the relationships between parasite, host and environment having the potential to produce high morbidity and incapacity to work and mortality in vulnerable areas. This study assessed the prevalence of IPIs concerning socio-environmental conditions and analyzed the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to these diseases among men living in the slums of Rio de Janeiro city, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an agglomeration of urban slums between 2018 and 2019, with men aged between 20 and 59 years. A socioeconomic status questionnaire and an IPIs knowledge, attitudes and practices questionnaire (KAPQ) were applied. Coproparasitological diagnoses (n=454) were performed using four methods and samples of water for household consumption (n=392) were subjected to microbiological and physicochemical analysis. A total of 624 participants were enrolled. About 40% of the households had "water unsuitable for consumption". Only one Major Area, MA 3 was not statistically significant for IPIs (AOR=0.75; 95% CI: 0.30-1.88; p=0.55). The overall prevalence of IPIs was 23.8%. Endolimax nana (n=65, 14.3%) and hookworm (n=8, 1.7%) were the most frequently identified parasites. The analysis of the frequency of responses to the KAPQ has shown that men reported to seeking medical care if they were suspicious of IPIs, and around 35% would self-medicate. The results have shown the need to adopt integrated health education practices targeting male residents in urban slums to qualify the care with water for human consumption and promote self-care about IPIs. The household can be considered strategic for Primary Health Care activities for men.

New detection of the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in a bovine herd in a rural property in the state of Bahia/BA ­ case report / Nova detecção da ocorrência de tripanossomíase em rebanho bovino em propriedade rural no estado da Bahia/BA ­ relato de caso

This report aims to discuss the occurrence of protozoan infestation in a Girolanda cattle herd in the state of Bahia / BA. Bovine trypanosomiasis is a severe disease that is harmful to cattle, inducing large productive and economic losses. The animals are affected by protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma spp., giving rise to infestations in the vast majority of them in a silent and lasting way. In the Bahian rural property described, 10% of adult cows died and the rest of the animals showed clinical signs of anemia, drop in milk production, low body score, apathy, among others. Among the information obtained through the farm manager, who helped in the diagnosis and in ordering tests for the respective disease were: purchase of cattle from the region of the state of Minas Gerais and dubious management of oxytocin for improvements in milk production (suspected shared needles). Faced with the suspicion and in conjunction with the information obtained, laboratory tests and molecular tests were carried out to confirm the suspicion. After the examinations, it was found that the animals were affected by protozoa of the genus Trypanossoma vivax. The animals were treated with volume replenishers and drugs such as isometamidium chloride in a single dose calculated according to the body weight.

O presente relato tem por objetivo discorrer sobre a ocorrência da infestação protozoária em um rebanho bovino da raça Girolanda no estado da Bahia/BA. A tripanossomíase bovina é uma doença severa e prejudicial aos bovinos, induzindo-os a grandes perdas produtivas e econômicas. Os animais são afetados por protozoários do gênero Trypanosoma spp., dandoorigem a infestações em sua grande maioria de forma silenciosa e duradoura. Na propriedade rural baiana descrita, 10% das vacas adultas morreram e o restante dos animais apresentava sinais clínicos de anemia, queda da produção leiteira, baixo escore corpóreo, apatia, prostração, entre outros. Dentre as informações obtidas através do gerente da fazenda, que auxiliaram no diagnóstico e na requisição de exames para a respectiva doença estavam: compra de bovinos da região do estado de Minas Gerais e manejo duvidoso de ocitocina para melhorias na produção leiteira (suspeita de agulhas compartilhadas). Diante da suspeita e em conjunto com informações obtidas, foram realizados exames laboratoriais e testes moleculares para confirmar a suspeita. Após a realização dos exames, constatou-se que os animais estavam acometidos por protozoários do gênero Trypanossoma vivax. Os animais foram tratados com repositores de volume e fármacos como o cloreto de isometamidium em uma única dose calculada de acordo com o peso corpóreo.

Avaliação da tendência temporal e da prevalência de leishmaniose visceral canina e humana dentre os anos de 2010 a 2019 em municípios de Minas Gerais ­ Brasil / Evaluation of the temporal trend and prevalence of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis between 2010 and 2019 in municipalities of Minas Gerais - Brazil / Evaluación de la tendencia temporal y de la prevalencia de leishmaniosis visceral canina y humana entre los años 2010 a 2019 en los municipios de Minas Gerais ­ Brasil

Leishmanioses são causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania, parasitos que infectam grande número de mamíferos, incluindo o homem. A Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) é a forma mais severa da doença e invariavelmente leva ao óbito, se não diagnosticada e tratada precocemente. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise de natureza documental, descritiva e analítica, de abordagem quantitativa das informações contidas no banco de dados Fundação Ezequiel Dias/Gerenciador de Ambientes Laboratoriais (FUNED/GAL), da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Minas Gerais. Os dados epidemiológicos que compõe este estudo são registros de casos positivos e negativos da cidade de Patos de Minas-MG e 18 municípios das mesorregiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, Noroeste de Minas e Norte de Minas. No período compreendido entre janeiro de 2010 e junho de 2019 foram notificados um total de 1170 indivíduos suspeitos de Leishmaniose Visceral Canina e/ou Humana. 304 (25,98%) indivíduos receberam o resultado positivo, enquanto 866 foram negativos, e em alguns casos, inconclusivos. Os dados obtidos no estudo revelaram a tendência temporal crescente e alta prevalência da doença, mostrando que a doença está em expansão na região estudada onde o cão é o principal reservatório doméstico da doença, permanecendo como principal elo de ligação entre o protozoário e o hospedeiro humano.(AU)

Leishmaniasis are caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, parasites that infect a large number of mammals, including humans. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe form of the disease and invariably leads to death if not diagnosed and treated early. The objective of this study was to carry out a documentary, descriptive and analytical analysis, with a quantitative approach to the information contained in the Fundação Ezequiel Dias/Manager of Laboratory Environments (FUNED/GAL) database from the Minas Gerais State Health Secretariat. The epidemiological data that make up this study are records of positive and negative cases in the city of Patos de Minas - MG and of 18 municipalities in the mesoregions of the Triângulo Mineiro and Alto Paranaíba, Northwest of Minas and North of Minas. In the period between January 2010 and June 2019, a total of 1170 individuals suspected of Canine and/or Human Visceral Leishmaniasis were notified. A total of 304 (25.98%) individuals received a positive result, while 866 were considered negative, and in some cases, inconclusive. The data obtained in the study revealed the growing temporal trend and high prevalence of the disease, showing that the disease is expanding in the studied region where the dog is presented as the main domestic reservoir of the disease, remaining as the main link between the protozoan and the human host.(AU)

Leishmaniosis son causadas por protozoos del género Leishmania, parásitos que infectan a un gran número de mamíferos, incluyendo el hombre. La Leishmaniosis Visceral (LV) es la forma más grave de la enfermedad e invariablemente conduce a la muerte, si no se la diagnostica y la trata a tiempo. El objetivo de ese estudio fue realizar un análisis de naturaleza documental, descriptivo y analítico, de enfoque cuantitativo de las informaciones contenidas en la base de datos Fundação Ezequiel Dias/Gerente de Ambientes de Laboratorio (FUNED /GAL), de la Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Minas Gerais. Los datos epidemiológicos que conforman este estudio son registros de casos positivos y negativos en la ciudad de Patos de Minas-MG y 18 municipios de las mesorregiones del Triângulo Mineiro y Alto Paranaíba, Noroeste de Minas y Norte de Minas. En el período comprendido entre enero de 2010 y junio de 2019, se notificó a un total de 1170 personas sospechosas de Leishmaniosis Visceral Canina y/o Humana. 304 (25,98%) individuos recibieron un resultado positivo, mientras que 866 fueron negativos y, en algunos casos, no concluyentes. Los datos obtenidos en el estudio revelaron la tendencia creciente temporal y la alta prevalencia de la enfermedad, mostrando que la enfermedad se está expandiendo en la región estudiada donde el perro es el principal reservorio doméstico de la enfermedad, permaneciendo como principal conexión entre el protozoo y el hospedero humano.(AU)

Prevalence of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. in calves and associated risk factors in Northeastern Brazil / [Prevalência da infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e fatores de risco associados em bezerros do Nordeste do Brasil]

Cryptosporidium spp. are zoonotic protozoa, frequently associated with diarrhea in calves, which are responsible for important economic losses. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of infection by Cryptosporidium spp. and its associated risk factors among calves raised in a milk production region of Northeastern Brazil. Fecal samples (n = 385) were obtained from young animals (up to ten months old) and evaluated by means of centrifugal fecal sedimentation in formalin-ether followed by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. In addition, Odds Ratio (OR) was calculated to evaluate associations between variables and infection by these protozoa. Out of all samples analyzed, 25.7% (99/385) scored positive for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Contact with other species (goat and sheep) (OR = 3.33; p = 0.000), use of a semi-intensive rearing system (OR = 1.70; p = 0.024) and absence of hygienic conditions (fecal contamination of food and water) (OR = 1.64; p = 0.029) were considered to be risk factors. Data herein reported shows that the implementation of hygienic-sanitary measures on the farms studied, it is imperative to reduce Cryptosporidium spp. infection and consequently the economic impact caused by this pathogen.(AU)

Cryptosporidium spp. são protozoários zoonóticos frequentemente associados à diarreia em bezerros e responsáveis por importantes perdas econômicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados à infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. em bezerros de propriedades leiteiras no Nordeste do Brasil. Amostras fecais (n = 385) foram obtidas de animais jovens (até 10 meses de idade) e avaliadas por centrífugo-sedimentação em formol éter, seguida da técnica de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada. A Odds Ratio (OR) foi calculada para avaliar a associação entre variáveis e infecção pelos protozoários. De todas as amostras analisadas, 25,7% (99/385) apresentaram oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. Contato com outras espécies (caprino e ovino) (OR = 3,33; p = 0,000), sistema semi-intensivo de criação (OR = 1,70; p = 0,024) e ausência de condições higiênicas (contaminação fecal do alimento e da água) (OR = 1,64; p = 0,029) foram considerados fatores de risco. Com base nos resultados, é imprescindível a adoção de medidas higiênico-sanitárias nas fazendas estudadas, a fim de reduzir infecção por Cryptosporidium spp. e o impacto econômico causado por esse patógeno.(AU)

Histopathology and microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites of free ranging armadillos in Brazil

ABSTRACT: This study assessed microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites, as well as parasite-associated histopathologic changes in five Brazilian free-ranging armadillos. Three armadillos had intra sarcolemmal cysts of Sarcocystis sp. in skeletal muscles without microscopic changes. One Dasypus novemcinctus was found parasitized with a nematode morphologically compatible with an oxyurid in the small intestine. One Dasypus sp. had neutrophilic enteritis associated with adult and larval stages of Strongyloides sp. and one D. novemcinctus had multiple embryonated eggs free in the lumen of the small intestine with mild neutrophilic enteritis. These findings represent a contribution for expanding our knowledge on parasitic diseases of armadillos.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários, bem como lesões associadas ao parasitismo em cinco tatus de vida livre no Brasil. Três tatus tinham cistos de Sarcocystis sp. Intra-sarcolemal em músculos esqueléticos sem alterações microscópicas. Um Dasypus novemcinctus estava parasitado com um nematodo morfologicamente compatível com oxiurideo no intestino delgado. Um Dasypus sp. apresentou enterite neutrofílica associada com estágios larvais de Strongyloides sp. e um D. novemcinctus apresentou múltiplos ovos embrionados livres no lúmen do intestino delgado, associado a enterite neutrofílica discreta. Estes achados representam uma contribuição para a expansão do conhecimento sobre doenças parasitárias de tatus.

Molecular detection of trypanosomatids in neotropical primates in the state of Mato Grosso, Midwest, Brazil / Detecção molecular de tripanossomatídeos em primatas neotropicais no estado de Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste, Brasil

Abstract Trypanosomatids are uniflagellate protozoa belonging to the Trypanosomatidae family. The genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania are of paramount importance as they contain species that cause serious diseases, such as Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis, respectively. The objective of the present study was to identify trypanosomatids present in the whole blood of free-living and captive neotropical primates in Mato Grosso State, Midwest Brazil. Between 2017 and 2019, 38 blood samples were collected from seven different neotropical primate species in seven cities in the state. Through molecular techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a fragment of the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis, nine Leishmania spp. [seven L. infantum and two L. (Leishmania) amazonensis] and two Trypanosoma spp. (T. minasense and T. rangeli) were identified. This study contributes to understanding the occurrence and epidemiology of trypanosomatids in Mato Grosso State and the importance of neotropical primates as trypanosome hosts and possible infection sources for other animals and humans. Future identification of other blood pathogens in neotropical primates will assist in disease control and prevention strategies.

Resumo Tripanossomatídeos são protozoários uniflagelados pertencentes à família Trypanosomatidae. Os gêneros Trypanosoma e Leishmania são de suma importância por conterem espécies causadoras de doenças graves, como doença de Chagas e Leishmaniose, respectivamente. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar tripanossomatídeos presentes no sangue total de primatas neotropicais de vida livre e cativos no Estado de Mato Grosso, Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Entre 2017 e 2019, foram coletadas 38 amostras de sangue de sete diferentes espécies de primatas neotropicais em sete cidades do Estado. Foram identificados por meio de técnicas moleculares, incluindo reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), para amplificar um fragmento do DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA) e do gene do RNA ribossômico 18S (rRNA 18S), sequenciamento e análise filogenética, nove Leishmania spp. [sete L. infantum e dois L. (Leishmania) amazonensis] e dois Trypanosoma spp. (T. minasense e T. rangeli). Este estudo contribui para o entendimento da ocorrência e epidemiologia dos tripanossomatídeos no Estado de Mato Grosso e a importância dos primatas neotropicais como hospedeiros tripanossômicos e possíveis fontes de infecção para outros animais e humanos. A identificação futura de outros patógenos do sangue em primatas neotropicais ajudará no controle de doenças e em estratégias de prevenção.

Lipid droplets of protozoan parasites: survival and pathogenicity

Lipid droplets (LDs; lipid bodies) are intracellular sites of lipid storage and metabolism present in all cell types. Eukaryotic LDs are involved in eicosanoid production during several inflammatory conditions, including infection by protozoan parasites. In parasites, LDs play a role in the acquisition of cholesterol and other neutral lipids from the host. The number of LDs increases during parasite differentiation, and the biogenesis of these organelles use specific signaling pathways involving protein kinases. In addition, LDs are important in cellular protection against lipotoxicity. Recently, these organelles have been implicated in eicosanoid and specialised lipid metabolism. In this article, we revise the main functions of protozoan parasite LDs and discuss future directions in the comprehension of these organelles in the context of pathogen virulence.

Synthetic ligustrazine based cyclohexanone and oxime analogs as Anti-Trypanosoma and Anti-Leishmanial agentes

In the present study a series of 34 synthetic ligustrazine-containing α, ß-Unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds and oximes, recognized as anticancer compounds were assessed against protozoa of the Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. Ligustrazine, chemically known as tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), was selected as the core moiety for the synthesis of α, ß-Unsaturated carbonyl-based compounds and these compounds were selected as precursors for the synthesis of new oximes. Some derivates, including 5f and 6i, showed multiple activities against all tested strains. In particular compounds 5f and 8o are the most potent and they are, therefore, potential candidates for trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis

Histopathology and microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites of free ranging armadillos in Brazil / Histopatologia e morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários de tatus de vida livre no Brasil

This study assessed microscopic morphology of protozoan and metazoan parasites, as well as parasite-associated histopathologic changes in five Brazilian free-ranging armadillos. Three armadillos had intra sarcolemmal cysts of Sarcocystis sp. in skeletal muscles without microscopic changes. One Dasypus novemcinctus was found parasitized with a nematode morphologically compatible with an oxyurid in the small intestine. One Dasypus sp. had neutrophilic enteritis associated with adult and larval stages of Strongyloides sp. and one D. novemcinctus had multiple embryonated eggs free in the lumen of the small intestine with mild neutrophilic enteritis. These findings represent a contribution for expanding our knowledge on parasitic diseases of armadillos.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a morfologia microscópica de parasitos protozoários e metazoários, bem como lesões associadas ao parasitismo em cinco tatus de vida livre no Brasil. Três tatus tinham cistos de Sarcocystis sp. Intra-sarcolemal em músculos esqueléticos sem alterações microscópicas. Um Dasypus novemcinctus estava parasitado com um nematodo morfologicamente compatível com oxiurideo no intestino delgado. Um Dasypus sp. apresentou enterite neutrofílica associada com estágios larvais de Strongyloides sp. e um D. novemcinctus apresentou múltiplos ovos embrionados livres no lúmen do intestino delgado, associado a enterite neutrofílica discreta. Estes achados representam uma contribuição para a expansão do conhecimento sobre doenças parasitárias de tatus.(AU)

Molecular subtyping and phylogeny of Blastocystis sp. isolated from turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations in Penang, Malaysia

@#Most poultry farms in Malaysia preferred rearing chickens either for eggs or/and meat than turkeys. This is due to several challenges such as parasitic load and heat stress in rearing turkey. Blastocystis is one of the most common protozoan parasites infecting poultry. As no study was conducted on Blastocystis infection in turkey in Malaysia, this study aims to determine the current status, the morphological characteristics and subtyping of Blastocystis from turkey reared either in closed house or free-range system in Penang, Malaysia. It was found that the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection in turkeys were moderately high with 41.6% (25/60) in the closed house and 45.0% (45/100) in free-range system as infection was higher in the female turkeys with no gastrointestinal signs and symptoms. Vacuolar form was the most common form found in the in vitro culture ranged between 5 to 20 μm in diameter with a rough surface coat and undulating cell surface viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Meanwhile, the ultrastructure of the cells from turkey isolates were varies with partially expanded electron-opaque vacuoles to electron-dense in fully distended vacuoles. Interestingly, sequence analysis for 30 positive Blastocystis isolates from turkeys revealed one subtypes with three alleles namely, ST7 allele 99 (73.4%, n=22), ST7 allele 100 (23.3%, n=7) and ST7 allele 101 (3.3%, n=1). Findings from this study added to our understanding on Blastocystis infection in turkey production.

Prevalencia de la Giardia duodenalis en el centro de bienestar animal "CEIBA", Rionegro, Colombia (2017) / Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in the "CEIBA" animal welfare center, Rionegro, Colombia (2017) / Prevalência de Giardia duodenalis no centro de apicultura animal de "CEIBA", Rionegro, Colômbia (2017)

Resumen Determinar la prevalencia de parasitismo de Giardia duodenalis, en el centro de bienestar "CEIBA", del municipio de Rionegro, Colombia durante junio 2017. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, no experimental, aleatorio, fueron evaluados 112 coprológicos de caninos del centro de bienestar "CEIBA", de ambos sexos, todas las edades y alimentación comercial. Fueron sometidos a evaluación coprológica, por extracción directa de ampolla rectal y evaluada en el Laboratorio Clínico de la Corporación Universitaria Lasallista "Hermano Marco Antonio Serna f.s.c", fueron realizados dos métodos diagnósticos, flotación con solución salina saturada (Willys Molloy) y frotis directo. La presencia de Giardia duodenalis fue categorizado en escala de cruces de 0-3. Se encontraron 60 (55%) muestras con presencia de parásitos, de los cuales 10 (8,92%) estaban infestados por Giardia duodenalis, representando 16,66% de la parasitosis total, para una cruz 2 (20%), con dos cruces 5 (50%) y con tres 3 (30%). La prevalencia de Giardia duodenalis en el centro de bienestar CEIBA, es baja con respecto a datos de prevalencia en otros albergues o centros caninos, lo cual puede estar influenciado por las medidas de prevención y control de la enfermedad.

Abstract To determine the prevalence of Giardia duodenalis parasitism at the CEIBA wellness center in the municipality of Rionegro, Colombia, during June 2017. A descriptive cross-sectional, non-experimental, randomized study was carried out. 112 coprological evaluations of canines of the "CEIBA" wellness center of both sexes, all ages and commercial feeding were evaluated. They were submitted to a cochrological evaluation, by direct extraction of rectal ampulla and evaluated in the Clinical Laboratory of the University of Lasallian Hospital "Hno Marco Antonio Serna, fsc", two diagnostic methods were carried out, flotation with saturated saline solution (Willys Molloy) and direct smears. The presence of Giardia duodenalis was categorized as 0-3 crosses. A total of 60 (55%) samples were present, with 10 (8.92%) infested by Giardia duodenalis, accounting for 16.66% of the total parasite, for a cross 2 (20%), with two crosses 5 (50%) and three 3 (30%). The prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in the CEIBA well-being center is low with respect to prevalence data in other canines or hostels, which may be influenced by disease prevention and control measures.

Resumo Determinar a prevalência do parasitismo de Giardia duodenalis no centro de bem-estar CEIBA no município de Rionegro, Colômbia, em junho de 2017. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal, não experimental, randomizado. Foram avaliadas as avaliações coprológicas dos caninos do centro de bem estar "CEIBA" de ambos os sexos, todasas idades e alimentação comercial. Eles foram submetidos a avaliação cochrológica, por extração direta de ampola retal e avaliada no Laboratório Clínico do Hospital Universitário das Ilhas "Hno Marco Antonio Serna, fsc", foram realizados dois métodos de diagnóstico, flotação com solução salina saturada (Willys Molloy) e esfregaços diretos. A presença de Giardia duodenalis foi categorizada como 0-3 cruzamentos. Um total de 60 (55%) amostras estavam presentes, com 10 (8,92%) infestadas por Giardia duodenalis, representando 16,66% do parasita total, para uma cruz 2 (20%), com duas cruza 5 (50%) e três 3 (30%). A prevalência de Giardia duodenalis no centro de bem-estar da CEIBA é baixa em relação aos dados de prevalência em outros caninos ou albergues, o que pode ser influenciado por medidas de prevenção e controle de doenças.

Frequency of intestinal parasites in patients attended at a university hospital in Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil / Frequência de parasitos intestinais em pacientes atendidos em um hospital universitário em Maceió, estado de Alagoas, Brasil

The aim of this study was to analyze the parasitological tests of a population at a public hospital in Maceió-AL. A descriptive study was made between January and July of 2015 analyzing the parasitological tests of a population at a public hospital in Maceió-AL. Variables such as gender, age, positive tests, protozoan species, helminths species and parasitic associations were analyzed. Out of 1.581 tests, 806 (51%) tested positive. Regarding gender, 535 (67%) were from women. Helminths were the most predominant infections (63.94%), compared to protozoans (36.06%). The Helminths with the highest number of infections were: Ascaris lumbricoides (93.23%), Trichuris trichiura (2.32%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1.26%). Among protozoans, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli corresponded to78.09% and 15.91% respectively. Although non pathogenic, it suggests fecal contamination. According to the degree of parasitism, 84.0% were monoparasitism. It can be concluded that the number of positive tests for enteroparasites was high, mainly in men. The species A. lumbricoides was the main helminth detected, while E. nana was the main protozoan found in the tests. The age group between 24 and 59 years old was the one that had the highest amount of positive tests. The results observed strengthen the need for the implementation of prevention measures for intestinal parasitic infections.

Os estudos da ocorrência de parasitoses em laboratório são de grande relevância, pois os mesmos podem proporcionar informações necessárias no diagnóstico da infecção e avaliar o índice de infecção parasitária, principalmente dos países em desenvolvimento, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. Foram coletados dados de exames de fezes realizados no período de janeiro a julho de 2015 nos registros de exames coproparasitológicos de fezes, de um hospital universitário de Maceió-AL. Foram analisados 1.581 exames, realizados pelo método de Hoffmann, Pons e Janer. Foi possível verificar que 51% apresentaram positividade para um ou mais enteroparasitos, sendo 66% para o sexo feminino e 34% no sexo masculino. Predominaram-se as infecções causadas por helmintos, com 55%, seguido das infecções causadas por protozoários 45%. Os helmintos com maior frequência de detecção foram: Ascaris lumbricoides (50,14%), Trichuris trichiura (1,61%), Enterobius vermicularis (0,87%) e ancilostomídeos (0,87%). Dentre os protozoários, Endolimax nanae Entamoeba coli com 34,42% e 7,8% respectivamente, que embora comensais indiquem contaminação fecal. A faixa etária entre 6 e 11 anos apresentou maior número de indivíduos parasitados (2,1%). Quanto ao grau de parasitismo, houve uma predominância de 84% para monoparasitismo. Assim, conclui-se, que foi elevado o número positividade para enteroparasitos, com predominância de casos no gênero masculino. A espécie A. lumbricoides foi e helminto detectado, enquanto que, E. nana foi o principal protozoário. A faixa etária entre 6 a 11 anos foi a que apresentou maior número de casos positivos. Os resultados observados reforçam a necessidade da implantação de medidas de prevenção para as parasitoses intestinais.

Characterization of prenatal healthcare for implementation of congenital toxoplasmosis surveillance program: cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Prenatal toxoplasmosis remains a neglected disease worldwide and few government programs focusing on its prevention are available. Success in these programs has been extensively reported in the literature, yet the strategies used for their implementation, as a model for such actions in different communities, have not been described. OBJECTIVE: To describe the aspects of prenatal care strategies in 13 municipalities within the regional healthcare unit of Araçatuba, in the northwestern region of the state of São Paulo in 2017, focusing on congenital toxoplasmosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study on prenatal healthcare within the Brazilian National Health System, in 13 participating municipalities. METHODS: Data on serological tests, referral clinics, notifications, healthcare strategies, health education and drugs for infected children were requested through a questionnaire that was sent via e-mail to people responsible for healthcare services in these municipalities. RESULTS: Major differences relating to diagnoses, reference outpatient clinics, notifications, health education and healthcare and drugs for infected children were reported among the prenatal strategies of these 13 municipal healthcare services. CONCLUSION: The lack of standardized prenatal strategy in the study area may compromise the prevention of infection. However, our identification of each aspect of prenatal care corroborates the need to implement a healthcare surveillance program relating to congenital toxoplasmosis.

In vivo experimental infection of sarcosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis of rabbits in Duhok Province, Kurdistan region, Iraq

Background: Sarcocystis species and Toxoplasma gondii are both zoonotic obligatory intracellular protozoan organisms and cyst-forming coccidian parasites that occur in domestic animals and human throughout the world.Methods: Forty local breed rabbits were divided into four groups, each group ten. Group one were infected with Sarcocystis, group two with Toxoplasma and group three with both parasites and last group was non-infected control group. The LAT serological test was used for detection of anti-toxoplasma antibody in serum of Toxoplasma infected rabbits. The direct impression smears stained with Giemsa was prepared from different body organs including; liver, lung, heart, brain and skeletal muscle for detection of tissue cysts (Bradyzoites) of T. gondii and microcysts of Sarcocystis.Results: In group one, 70% of infected rabbits were positive for toxoplasmosis by serological test; both are and by impression smear method 80% of the rabbits were positive for T. gondii with tissue cysts. Fifty percent of rabbits were positive for microcysts of Sarcocystis by direct impression smear method in group two. In group three, the impression smear and latex agglutination method were positive in 40% and 60% of rabbits, respectively. Statistically, there was no significant difference in detection of toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis by LAT and impression smear method in group one and three.Conclusions: Rabbits could be source of toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis and have public health implications and hazard as source of food. They might be source of infection for cats and shed environmentally resistant oocysts.